The Dunning–Kruger effect is an example of cognitive bias in which "people reach erroneous conclusions and make unfortunate choices but their incompetence robs them of the metacognitive ability to realize it". They therefore suffer an illusory superiority, rating their own ability as above average. This leads to the perverse result where less competent people will rate their own ability higher than relatively more competent people. The studies conducted by Justin Kruger and David Dunning and not coincidentally conducted at Cornell University were made famous in their paper entitled "Too Stupid To Know It?".
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